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Ọrịa Alzheimer, nke na-akachakarị ndị agadi emekpala ọtụtụ mmadụ ahụ́.

Otu n'ime ihe ịma aka na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa Alzheimer bụ na nnyefe nke ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ na anụ ahụ ụbụrụ na-ejedebe site na mgbochi ụbụrụ nke ọbara. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ultrasound na-elekwasị anya dị ala nke MRI nwere ike meghee ihe mgbochi ụbụrụ ọbara na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa Alzheimer ma ọ bụ nsogbu akwara ozi ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ọrịa Parkinson, ụbụrụ ụbụrụ, na amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Otu obere ihe akaebe nke echiche na nso nso a na Rockefeller Institute for Neuroscience na West Virginia University gosiri na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa Alzheimer bụ ndị natara aducanumab infusion na ngwakọta na ultrasound lekwasịrị anya nwa oge meghere ọbara-ụbụrụ mgbochi nke ukwuu belata ụbụrụ amyloid beta (Aβ) ibu n'akụkụ ikpe. Nchọpụta ahụ nwere ike imeghe ụzọ ọhụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ maka nsogbu ụbụrụ.

Ihe mgbochi ụbụrụ nke ọbara na-echebe ụbụrụ site na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ ma na-ekwe ka nri ndị dị mkpa na-agafe. Ma ihe mgbochi ụbụrụ nke ọbara na-egbochikwa ibunye ụbụrụ ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ, ihe ịma aka nke na-akawanye njọ mgbe a na-agwọ ọrịa Alzheimer. Ka ụwa na-etolite, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere ọrịa Alzheimer na-abawanye kwa afọ, na nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ ya dị oke, na-etinye ibu dị arọ na ahụike. Aducanumab bụ amyloid beta (Aβ) -nagide monoclonal mgbochi nke US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) kwadoro maka ọgwụgwọ ọrịa Alzheimer, mana ntinye ya na mgbochi ụbụrụ ụbụrụ nwere oke.

Ultrasonic lekwasịrị anya na-emepụta ebili mmiri igwe nke na-ebute oscillations n'etiti mkpakọ na dilution. Mgbe a na-etinye ya n'ime ọbara ma kpughee ya na mpaghara ultrasonic, egosipụta mpikota onu ma gbasaa karịa anụ ahụ na ọbara gbara ya gburugburu. Ntugharị ndị a na-emepụta nrụgide n'ibu na mgbidi arịa ọbara, na-eme ka njikọ siri ike dị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial gbatịa ma mepee (Foto dị n'okpuru ebe a). N'ihi ya, a na-emebi iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke mgbochi ụbụrụ ọbara, na-ekwe ka ụmụ irighiri ihe gbasaa n'ụbụrụ. Ihe mgbochi ụbụrụ ọbara na-agwọ onwe ya n'ime ihe dịka awa isii.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-egosi mmetụta nke ultrasound ntụziaka na mgbidi capillary mgbe afụ nke nwere micrometer dị na arịa ọbara. N'ihi nnukwu mkpakọ nke gas, egosipụta na-agbakọ ma gbasaa karịa anụ ahụ gbara ya gburugburu, na-akpata nrụgide usoro na mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial. Usoro a na-eme ka njikọ siri ike meghee ma nwee ike ime ka njedebe astrocyte dapụ na mgbidi arịa ọbara, na-emebi iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke mgbochi ụbụrụ ọbara na ịkwalite mgbasa ozi mgbochi. Na mgbakwunye, mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial ekpughere na ultrasound lekwasịrị anya na-eme ka ọrụ ụgbọ njem ha na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ma kwụsị ọrụ mgbapụta efflux, si otú ahụ na-ebelata nkwụsị nke ụbụrụ nke ọgwụ nje. Ọnụọgụ B na-egosi usoro ọgwụgwọ, nke gụnyere computed tomography (CT) na magnetik resonance imaging (MRI) iji mepụta usoro ọgwụgwọ ultrasound, 18F-flubitaban positron emission tomography (PET) na ntọala, infusion antibody tupu lekwasịrị anya ọgwụgwọ ultrasound na infusion microvesicular n'oge ọgwụgwọ, na nlekota ụda nke microvesicular na-achịkwa mgbaàmà nke ultrasound. Onyonyo ndị enwetara mgbe ọgwụgwọ ultrasound lekwasịrị anya gụnyere MRI dị iche iche nke T1, nke gosipụtara na mgbochi ụbụrụ ọbara na-emeghe na mpaghara a na-agwọ ultrasound. Onyonyo nke otu mpaghara mgbe awa 24 ruo 48 nke ọgwụgwọ ultrasound lekwasịrị anya gosipụtara ọgwụgwọ zuru oke nke mgbochi ụbụrụ ọbara. Ihe nyocha 18F-flubitaban PET n'oge nleba anya na otu n'ime ndị ọrịa 26 izu ka e mesịrị gosipụtara ọkwa Aβ dị ala na ụbụrụ mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị. Ihe onyonyo C na-egosi nhazi ultrasound lekwasịrị anya na MRI n'oge ọgwụgwọ. Okpu agha transducer hemispherical nwere ihe karịrị 1,000 ultrasound isi mmalite nke na-agbakọta n'otu ebe dị n'ụbụrụ site na iji ntuziaka oge sitere na MRI.

N'afọ 2001, e gosipụtara ultrasound lekwasịrị anya nke mbụ iji kpalite oghere nke mgbochi ụbụrụ ọbara n'ime ọmụmụ anụmanụ, na ọmụmụ ihe mbụ na-esote egosiwo na ultrasound lekwasịrị anya nwere ike ịkwalite nnyefe ọgwụ na ịdị irè. Kemgbe ahụ, a chọpụtala na ultrasound lekwasịrị anya nwere ike imeghe ihe mgbochi ụbụrụ ọbara n'enweghị nsogbu na ndị ọrịa Alzheimer na-anataghị ọgwụ, ma nwee ike ibunye ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa kansa ụbụrụ ụbụrụ metastases.

Usoro nnyefe microbubble

Microbubbles bụ ihe dị iche iche nke ultrasound nke a na-ejikarị elele ọbara na arịa ọbara na nyocha nke ultrasound. N'oge ọgwụgwọ ultrasound, a na-agbanye nkwusioru nke octafluoropropane nke na-abụghị pyrogenic mkpuchi phospholipid n'ime intravenous (Figure 1B). Microbubbles na-agbasasị nke ukwuu, nwere dayameta sitere na ihe na-erughị 1 μm ruo ihe karịrị 10 μm. Octafluoropropane bụ gas kwụsiri ike nke na-adịghị metabolized ma nwee ike isi na ngụgụ pụta. Shei egbugbere ọnụ nke na-ekechi ma na-eme ka afụ ahụ kwụsie ike bụ nke nwere egbugbere ọnụ mmadụ atọ sitere n'okike bụ nke metabolized n'otu ụzọ ahụ na phospholipids endogenous.

Ọgbọ nke ultrasound lekwasịrị anya

A na-emepụta ultrasound lekwasịrị anya site na okpu agha transducer hemispherical nke gbara isi onye ọrịa ahụ gburugburu (Njirimara 1C). Ejiri okpu agha 1024 nwere isi iyi ultrasound na-achịkwa onwe ya, nke a na-elekwasị anya na etiti etiti ụwa. A na-eji voltaji sinusoidal ugboro ugboro na-ebute isi mmalite ultrasound ndị a ma na-ebunye ebili mmiri ultrasonic site na onyonyo resonance magnet na-eduzi. Onye ọrịa na-eyi okpu agha na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekesa gburugburu isi iji kwado nnyefe ultrasound. Ihe ultrasound na-aga site na akpụkpọ ahụ na okpokoro isi gaa na ebumnuche ụbụrụ.

Mgbanwe nke ọkpụkpụ okpokoro isi na njupụta ga-emetụta mgbasa nke ultrasound, na-eme ka oge dịtụ iche maka ultrasound ruo ọnya ahụ. Enwere ike mezie mgbagha a site n'inweta data agbakọmpụtara dị elu iji nweta ozi gbasara ọdịdị okpokoro isi, oke, na njupụta. Ụdị ịme anwansị kọmpụta nwere ike gbakọọ ngbanwe oge akwụ ụgwọ nke mgbama mbanye ọ bụla iji weghachi nlebara anya dị nkọ. Site n'ịchịkwa oge mgbama RF, ultrasound nwere ike itinye uche na eletrọnịkị ma dokwa ya ka o kpuchie anụ ahụ buru ibu na-ebughị ụzọ n'usoro isi iyi ultrasound. A na-ekpebi ebe anụ ahụ e lekwasịrị anya site na onyonyo resonance magnetik nke isi mgbe ị na-eyi okpu agha. Olu e lekwasịrị anya na-ejupụta na grid akụkụ atọ nke ultrasonic arịlịka ihe, nke na-ebupụta ebili mmiri ultrasonic na ebe arịlịka ọ bụla maka 5-10 ms, na-emegharị kwa 3 sekọnd. A na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-amụba ike ultrasonic ruo mgbe achọpụtara akara ngosi mgbasa ozi afụ chọrọ, wee jide ya maka 120 sekọnd. A na-emeghachi usoro a na meshes ndị ọzọ ruo mgbe kpuchiri olu ebumnobi kpamkpam.

Imeghe ihe mgbochi ụbụrụ nke ọbara na-achọ njupụta nke ebili mmiri nke ụda ka ọ gafere otu ọnụ ụzọ, karịa nke njedebe nke mgbochi ahụ na-abawanye site na njupụta nrụgide na-arịwanye elu ruo mgbe mmebi anụ ahụ na-apụta, gosipụtara dị ka erythrocyte exosmosis, ọbara ọgbụgba, apoptosis, na necrosis, nke a na-ejikọta ya niile na ọdịda afụ (a na-akpọ cavitation inertial). Ọnụ ụzọ na-adabere na nha microbubble na ihe shei. Site na ịchọpụta na ịkọwa ihe mgbaàmà ultrasonic gbasasịa site na microbubbles, enwere ike idobe ikpughe n'ime ebe nchekwa.

Mgbe ọgwụgwọ ultrasound gasịrị, a na-eji T1-weighted MRI na ihe dị iche iche iji chọpụta ma mgbochi ụbụrụ ụbụrụ na-emeghe na ebe a na-achọsi ike, na-eji ihe oyiyi T2 mee ihe iji gosi ma mpụ ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụgba mere. Nleba anya ndị a na-enye nduzi maka ịhazigharị ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa.

Nyocha na atụmanya nke mmetụta ọgwụgwọ

Ndị nchọpụta ahụ gụpụtara mmetụta ọgwụgwọ na ụbụrụ Aβ ụbụrụ site n'iji 18F-flubitaban positron emission tomography tupu na mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị iji chọpụta ọdịiche dị na Aβ olu n'etiti ebe a na-emeso ya na mpaghara yiri nke ahụ n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. Nnyocha ndị gara aga nke otu otu ahụ egosila na naanị ilekwasị anya ultrasound nwere ike belata ọkwa Aβ ntakịrị. Mbelata a hụrụ na nnwale a dị ọbụna karịa na ọmụmụ ihe gara aga.

N'ọdịnihu, ịgbasa ọgwụgwọ ahụ n'akụkụ abụọ nke ụbụrụ ga-adị oké mkpa iji nyochaa irè ya na-egbu oge ọganihu ọrịa. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a chọkwuru nyocha iji chọpụta nchekwa na ịdị irè dị ogologo oge, na ngwaọrụ ọgwụgwọ na-akwụ ụgwọ na-adabereghị na nduzi MRI online ga-emepụtarịrị maka nnweta sara mbara. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, nchoputa ahụ akpaliwo nchekwube na ọgwụgwọ na ọgwụ ndị na-ekpochapụ Aβ nwere ike imecha belata ọganihu Alzheimer.